开云体育城市公共绿地对人群身心健康的影响研究-城市规划与设计专业论文.docx

　　城市公共绿地对人群身心健康的影响研究-城市规划与设计专业论文.docx

　　The Research of Urban Public Green Space for The Crowd Health In Physical and Mental A Thesis Submitted to Chongqing University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Engineering By Li Huan Supervised by Prof. Tan Shao Hua Major: Urban Planning and Design College of Architecture and Urban Planning of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China May, 2011 摘 要 工业革命与城市化加速，使得人群生活离自然环境越来越遥远，这对人群的 身心健康产生了巨大的影响。人们重新认识自然环境，并加大了对自然环境的保 护和城市绿地系统的规划建设。但是，针对城市绿地系统的研究重点还集中在探 讨自然生态服务功能，对与人群密切接触的城市公共绿地也主要局限于绿地的景 观、生态、游憩等功能。针对城市公共绿地对人群身心健康带来的功效相关研究 较少。因此，本文拟对此做一尝试研究，为城市公共绿地规划与设计提供可借鉴 的理论依据。 本文首先通过对国内外有关自然环境与人群健康的文献整理，系统的罗列出 国外有关自然环境对健康影响 5 个重要的阶段，阐述了目前有关自然环境对人类 健康的促进和恢复作用的三大理论，得出自然环境对人群的身体、心理和社会三 方面都具有良好的促进功效的结论。同时也指出国内研究现状的滞后和不足。 其次，为了在研究自然环境对人群健康功能，通过实验室测试，结合对我国 具有代表性的湖南省长沙市烈士公园进行实地调研的方法，深入了解人群对于公 园的使用情况和需求情况。研究表明，以城市公共绿地为主的城市自然环境多宝体育，是 人们情感交流和身体锻炼的重要场所之一，也是人们缓解精神压力的首选场所。 并证明，城市公共绿地除了具有美化环境多宝体育、生态保护等功能之外多宝体育，对人群恢复心 境状态（尤其是紧张、愤怒和疲劳）、恢复注意力方面同样具有良好的效果。 为了将城市公共绿地的自然环境属性对人群的健康功效融入城市规划与设计 中，本文基于人群心理健康角度出发，找出人群对环境具有舒缓作用的绿地类型， 通过分析和比较，得出影响人群心理健康的七个要素。最后通过分析和归纳，提 出基于人群健康的角度下完善城市公共绿地内部空间规划的措施，并对完善城市 绿地系统规划以及完善城市规划学科展开思考。 关键词:城市公共绿地 心境状态 注意力恢复 恢复性要素 规划思考 ABSTACT The industrial revolution and increased urbanization, makes human life far away from natural environment, which has a huge impact on human physical and mental health. So people try to recognize natural environment again, and strengthen the protection to the natural environment and construction of urban green space system. But, the study of urban green system only focuses on exploring natural ecological service function. What’s more, as to urban public green space which closely contact with human still limited in green space landscape, ecology, recreation and so on. There are a few researches focusing on the negative effect for human’ physical and mental health which caused by targeted urban public green land. Accordingly, this paper tries to do a research on some effective referential theory for urban green space planning and design. This paper first sorts out the thesis related to natural environment and human health system from the domestic and international, lists five important stages the foreign natural environment on the health, presents the three theories on natural environment leading to negative and recovery effect on human health, have the conclusion that natural environment greatly have three-aspect effect ,physical, psychological and social, on human. On the other hand, this paper proposes the inadequate and drawback in china. In the study of natural environment on population health function, through laboratory tests on our representative, combining the Changsha in Hunan martyrs park, the method of practical research, deep understanding on the parks use and demand of the crowd. Due to research,it shows natural environment in urban cities equipped with public green space does provide one of the important places for people to communicate and exercise, also offering the preferred location for them to relieve pressure..Also，it implies that natural environment,not only have urban landscape and ecology protection function,but also have good effect on recover mental condition (especially nervous, anger and fatigue), and on restore attention. In order to enbale natural environment for the healthy effects melt into the city public green planning and design, based on psychological relieve degree crowd, it turns out the crowd with soothing effect on the environment of green land types, through the analysis and comparison, concluding the influence of seven elements crowd mental health. At last，through the analysis and induction, combining planning practice, it puts forward three levels in the field of urban planning thinking，based on the Angle of people health perfect urban planning subjects, perfecting the urban green space system planning and perfecting the urban public green interior space planning. Keywords: Urban Public and Green Space、Mental Condition、Attention Restoration、 Restorative Elements、Think About Urban Planning 目 录 中文 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark0 摘要..........................................................................................................................................I HYPERLINK \l _bookmark1 英文摘要....................................................................................................................................... III HYPERLINK \l _bookmark2 1. 绪 论 ...................................................................................................................................... 1 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark3 1.1. 研究背景 .............................................................................................................................. 1 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark4 1.1.1. 自然环境在城市中发挥着重要的作用 ...................................................................... 1 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark5 1.1.2. 人群健康出现问题，并产生了对自然环境的渴望与追求....................................... 2 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark9 1.1.3. 研究较多关注自然环境的生态功能 .......................................................................... 3 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark11 1.1.4. 以城市公共绿地为主体得城市自然环境对人群健康功能研究较少....................... 4 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark12 1.2. 研究意义 .............................................................................................................................. 4 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark13 1.2.1. 环境与人群健康研究的重要性 .................................................................................. 4 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark14 1.2.2. 人群身心健康与城市规划的相关性 .......................................................................... 5 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark16 1.2.3. 科学的规划城市公共绿地的必要性 .......................................................................... 5 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark17 1.3. 研究目的 .............................................................................................................................. 6 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark18 1.4. 相关概念阐述 ...................................................................................................................... 6 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark19 1.4.1. 自然环境 ...................................................................................................................... 6 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark21 1.4.2. 城市环境 ...................................................................................................................... 6 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark25 1.4.3. 建筑空间环境 .............................................................................................................. 9 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark26 1.4.4. 城市公共绿地 ............................................................................................................ 10 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark28 1.4.5. 健康 ............................................................................................................................ 11 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark34 1.4.6. 环境心理学 ................................................................................................................ 15 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark35 1.5. 研究内容 ............................................................................................................................ 15 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark37 1.6. 技术路线 ............................................................................................................................ 18 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark39 2. 自然环境与人群身心健康相关研究 .................................................................... 19 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark40 2.1. 国外自然环境对健康功效研究成果梳理 ........................................................................ 19 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark41 2.1.1. 自然环境健康功效的研究历程 ................................................................................ 19 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark43 2.1.2. 自然环境健康功效的三大经典理论 ........................................................................ 20 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark44 2.1.3. 自然环境促进身心健康的功效 ................................................................................ 21 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark47 2.2. 国内对自然环境与健康功效研究成果 ............................................................................ 24 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark48 2.2.1. 自然环境与人群健康的研究领域 ............................................................................ 25 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark49 2.2.2. 针对自然环境与健康的相关研究 ............................................................................ 25 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark55 2.2.3. 针对“人群健康”的研究 ........................................................................................ 30 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark58 2.3. 国内外研究城市自然环境与健康的方法 ........................................................................ 34 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark60 2.3.1. 问卷法........................................................................................................................ 35 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark61 2.3.2. 观察法........................................................................................................................ 36 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark62 2.3.3. 生命指标评价法 ........................................................................................................ 36 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark64 2.3.4. 数据获取方式 ............................................................................................................ 37 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark65 2.3.5. 数据分析工具 ............................................................................................................ 38 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark66 2.4. 国内研究评述及本文研究创新 ........................................................................................ 38 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark68 2.4.1. 研究视角 .................................................................................................................... 39 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark69 2.4.2. 研究内容 .................................................................................................................... 39 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark70 2.4.3. 研究人群和地点 ........................................................................................................ 39 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark71 2.4.4. 研究方法 .................................................................................................................... 40 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark72 3. 研究数据与方法 .............................................................................................................. 41 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark73 3.1. 研究方法............................................................................................................................ 41 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark74 3.1.1. 文献综述法 ................................................................................................................ 41 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark75 3.1.2. 问卷调查法 ................................................................................................................ 41 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark76 3.1.3. 观察访问法 ................................................................................................................ 41 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark77 3.2. 研究步骤............................................................................................................................ 42 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark79 3.3. 实地选取及现状分析........................................................................................................ 42 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark80 3.3.1. 研究区的选取和概况 ................................................................................................ 42 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark84 3.3.2. 研究区分区情况 ........................................................................................................ 45 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark86 3.3.3. 研究区建设现状比较 ................................................................................................ 46 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark92 3.4. 城市公共绿地与人群心理健康关系的研究方法 ............................................................ 48 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark93 3.4.1. 研究架构及步骤 ........................................................................................................ 48 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark96 3.4.2. 整体心理健康指数数据获取 .................................................................................... 49 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark97 3.4.3. 心境状态测试数据获取 ............................................................................................ 49 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark100 3.4.4. 注意力测试数据获取 ................................................................................................ 52 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark103 3.5. 不同类型城市公共绿地环境感知恢复性研究架构与方法 ............................................ 53 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark104 3.5.1. 研究架构及步骤 ........................................................................................................ 53 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark107 3.5.2. 研究对象与材料 ........................................................................................................ 55 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark113 3.5.3. 数据获取过程 ............................................................................................................ 59 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark114 3.6. 数据整理与分析................................................................................................................ 60 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark115 3.6.1. 数据分析工具 ............................................................................................................ 60 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark118 3.6.2. 本研究数据分析工具整理 ........................................................................................ 65 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark120 4. 城市公共绿地与人群心理健康关系结果与分析 ......................................... 67 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark121 4.1. 城市公共绿地的使用情况与人群健康关系 .................................................................... 67 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark122 4.1.1. 人群根据自身需求选择活动类型不同 .................................................................... 67 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark123 4.1.2. 人群根据季节和时间对公园的需求不同 ................................................................ 67 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark129 4.1.3. 逛公园成了人群缓解压力的首选活动 .................................................................... 72 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark136 4.1.4. 增加公共绿地的可达性是促进健康的前提 ............................................................ 73 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark138 4.2. 城市公共绿地与整体心理健康指数结果与分析 ............................................................ 74 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark139 4.2.1. 公园停留时间与心理健康指数 ................................................................................ 74 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark142 4.2.2. 公园的使用频率与心理健康指数 ............................................................................ 76 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark145 4.3. 城市公共绿地恢复心境状态的功能结果分析 ................................................................ 77 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark147 4.3.1. 城市公共绿地对心境状态的恢复有明显的效果..................................................... 77 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark151 4.3.2. 城市公共绿地相对建筑空间环境对心境状态的恢复效果更好............................. 79 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark155 4.3.3. 城市公共绿地能明显的改善人群紧张、愤怒多宝体育、疲劳程度..................................... 80 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark159 4.4. 城市公共绿地对注意力恢复的功能结果分析 ................................................................ 81 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark163 4.4.1. 个人属性对注意力恢复程度没有明显的影响 ........................................................ 83 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark166 4.4.2. 城市公共绿地能明显的改善注意力集中程度 ........................................................ 85 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark169 4.4.3. 城市公共绿地比建筑空间环境对注意力集中程度的改善程度大......................... 86 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark172 4.5. 本章小结 ............................................................................................................................ 87 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark175 5. 不同类型城市公共绿地环境感知恢复性研究结果与分析 .................... 91 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark176 5.1. 探寻城市公共绿地舒缓点 ................................................................................................ 91 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark178 5.1.1. 样本个人属性数据统计结果 .................................................................................... 91 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark181 5.1.2. 调查对象不同属性与其环境舒缓程度的关系 ........................................................ 92 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark188 5.1.3. 城市公共绿地舒缓点的构建 .................................................................................... 96 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark193 5.2. 城市公共绿地环境知觉要素和环境恢复性要素构建 .................................................... 98 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark194 5.2.1. 环境知觉要素构建 .................................................................................................... 98 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark200 5.2.2. 环境恢复性要素构建 .............................................................................................. 103 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark206 5.3. 城市公共绿地知觉要素与环境恢复性要素关系 .......................................................... 108 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark210 5.4. 环境知觉恢复性要素构成 .............................................................................................. 112 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark212 5.5. 本章小结 .......................................................................................................................... 113 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark213 6. 促进人群健康的城市公共绿地规划思考 ....................................................... 115 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark214 6.1. 基于人群健康需求完善城市公共绿地内部空间规划设计 .......................................... 115 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark215 6.1.1. 动静结合的城市公共绿地 ...................................................................................... 116 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark217 6.1.2. 构建完善的公共设施 .............................................................................................. 117 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark218 6.1.3. 加强空间的安全设计 .............................................................................................. 118 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark219 6.1.4. 健康植物种植，满足人群视觉嗅觉的需求 .......................................................... 119 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark222 6.1.5. 强化场地边界的设计 .............................................................................................. 121 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark225 6.1.6. 根据人群需求，设计场地主导元素 ...................................................................... 122 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark226 6.1.7. 不可忽视的听觉要素 .............................................................................................. 123 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark227 6.2. 基于人群健康需求多宝体育，完善城市绿地系统规划 .............................................................. 124 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark228 6.2.1. 关注人群健康，完善城市绿地的可达性 .............................................................. 124 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark231 6.2.2. 从人群健康需求出发，完善城市绿地系统规划的代理权力 .............................. 126 HYPERLINK \l _bookmark233 6.3. 基于人群健康需。